Reproductive and Clinical Factors Associated with Female Infertility in Eastern North India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Female infertility; Primary infertility; Secondary infertility; Reproductive factors; Eastern North India.

1Dr Kirti Kaithwas
assistant professor, obstetrics and
gynaecology, obgyn, Institute of Medical
Sciences ,BHU, Email ID:
kaithwaskirti37@gmail.com,
Orcid ID(if you have):0009-0002-2771-5455.

2Prof Lavina Chaubey
Professor, obgyn, Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, Institute of Medical
Sciences,BHU VARANASI 221005,
Email ID : lavinachaubey@gmail.com,
Orchid Id:0009-0008-6836-2004

3Dr Lalit pratap singh
assistant professor, Specialisation
orthopaedic, heritage institute of medical
college ,Varanasi, Email ID
singh.lalitpratap45 @gmail.com

4Dr. TB singh
Professor, Department of community
medicine, Biostatistics, Institute of Medical
Sciences, BHU 221005, VARANASI, Email
ID: tbsinghbiostat@gmail.com

Received:21-06-2026
Revised:25-07-2026
Accepted:02-08-2026

European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry (2026) 34 (7s), 840-849

Reproductive and Clinical Factors Associated with Female Infertility in Eastern North India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Female infertility is a multifactorial reproductive-health condition influenced by menstrual, clinical, gynaecological, and obstetric factors. Region-specific evidence regarding these characteristics remains limited in eastern North India. To assess reproductive and clinical factors associated with female infertility and compare these characteristics between women with primary and secondary infertility attending a tertiary-care hospital in Eastern North India. A questionnaire-based, cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Sir Sunderlal Hospital, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, from October 2017 to March 2019. The study included 1,520 women, comprising 761 infertility cases and 759 controls. Among infertile women, 472 had primary and 289 had secondary infertility. Reproductive, menstrual, medical, obstetric, surgical, and treatment-related characteristics were assessed. Categorical associations were evaluated using Pearson's chi-square test at a 5% significance level. Menstrual disturbances, particularly scanty menstrual flow, oligomenorrhoea, and amenorrhea, were prominent among infertile women. Tuberculosis, endometriosis, and PCOS were more prominently represented among cases. Previous D&C showed a significant association with infertility and was particularly prominent among women with secondary infertility. Obstetric characteristics also differed between secondary infertility and controls. PV discharge and surgical intervention did not significantly distinguish primary from secondary infertility. Ovulation induction with IUI was the most frequently reported infertility treatment. Female infertility was associated with multiple reproductive and clinical characteristics. Comprehensive assessment of menstrual patterns, associated diseases, uterine procedures, and obstetric history may facilitate focused infertility evaluation and individualized clinical management.

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